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Can I Have Ethernet and Wifi at the Same Time

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Reckoner networking engineering

Ethernet () is a family of wired computer networking technologies commonly used in local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (Human) and wide area networks (WAN).[i] Information technology was commercially introduced in 1980 and first standardized in 1983 every bit IEEE 802.iii. Ethernet has since been refined to support higher chip rates, a greater number of nodes, and longer link distances, merely retains much backward compatibility. Over time, Ethernet has largely replaced competing wired LAN technologies such as Token Ring, FDDI and ARCNET.

The original 10BASE5 Ethernet uses coaxial cablevision as a shared medium, while the newer Ethernet variants use twisted pair and fiber optic links in conjunction with switches. Over the form of its history, Ethernet data transfer rates have been increased from the original ii.94 Mbit/s [two] to the latest 400 Gbit/s, with rates upward to 1.6 Tbit/s under development. The Ethernet standards include several wiring and signaling variants of the OSI physical layer.

Systems communicating over Ethernet divide a stream of data into shorter pieces called frames. Each frame contains source and destination addresses, and fault-checking information so that damaged frames can exist detected and discarded; most ofttimes, higher-layer protocols trigger retransmission of lost frames. Per the OSI model, Ethernet provides services up to and including the data link layer.[3] The 48-bit MAC address was adopted by other IEEE 802 networking standards, including IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), likewise as by FDDI. EtherType values are too used in Subnetwork Access Protocol (SNAP) headers.

Ethernet is widely used in homes and industry, and interworks well with wireless Wi-Fi technologies. The Net Protocol is normally carried over Ethernet and so it is considered one of the key technologies that make up the Internet.

History [edit]

Ethernet was adult at Xerox PARC between 1973 and 1974.[4] [5] It was inspired by ALOHAnet, which Robert Metcalfe had studied as part of his PhD dissertation.[6] The idea was first documented in a memo that Metcalfe wrote on May 22, 1973, where he named information technology after the luminiferous aether once postulated to be as an "omnipresent, completely-passive medium for the propagation of electromagnetic waves."[4] [7] [8] In 1975, Xerox filed a patent application listing Metcalfe, David Boggs, Chuck Thacker, and Butler Lampson every bit inventors.[9] In 1976, after the organisation was deployed at PARC, Metcalfe and Boggs published a seminal paper.[10] [a] Yogen Dalal,[12] Ron Crane, Bob Garner, and Roy Ogus facilitated the upgrade from the original ii.94 Mbit/due south protocol to the ten Mbit/s protocol, which was released to the marketplace in 1980.[13]

Metcalfe left Xerox in June 1979 to form 3Com.[4] [fourteen] He convinced Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), Intel, and Xerox to piece of work together to promote Ethernet every bit a standard. As part of that process Xerox agreed to relinquish their 'Ethernet' trademark.[15] The first standard was published on September 30, 1980 as "The Ethernet, A Local Expanse Network. Data Link Layer and Physical Layer Specifications". This so-called DIX standard (Digital Intel Xerox)[xvi] specified x Mbit/s Ethernet, with 48-bit destination and source addresses and a global 16-bit Ethertype-type field.[17] Version 2 was published in November, 1982[18] and defines what has become known as Ethernet Two. Formal standardization efforts proceeded at the same time and resulted in the publication of IEEE 802.3 on June 23, 1983.[19]

Ethernet initially competed with Token Ring and other proprietary protocols. Ethernet was able to adapt to marketplace needs and with 10BASE2, shift to cheap sparse coaxial cablevision and from 1990, to the now-ubiquitous twisted pair with 10BASE-T. By the end of the 1980s, Ethernet was conspicuously the dominant network technology.[four] In the procedure, 3Com became a major company. 3Com shipped its starting time 10 Mbit/s Ethernet 3C100 NIC in March 1981, and that twelvemonth started selling adapters for PDP-11s and VAXes, as well as Multibus-based Intel and Sun Microsystems computers.[20] : 9 This was followed speedily by DEC's Unibus to Ethernet adapter, which DEC sold and used internally to build its own corporate network, which reached over 10,000 nodes by 1986, making it ane of the largest computer networks in the world at that time.[21] An Ethernet adapter bill of fare for the IBM PC was released in 1982, and, past 1985, 3Com had sold 100,000.[14] In the 1980s, IBM'south own PC Network product competed with Ethernet for the PC, and through the 1980s, LAN hardware, in full general, was not mutual on PCs. However, in the mid to late 1980s, PC networking did go popular in offices and schools for printer and fileserver sharing, and among the many various competing LAN technologies of that decade, Ethernet was ane of the most popular. Parallel port based Ethernet adapters were produced for a fourth dimension, with drivers for DOS and Windows. Past the early 1990s, Ethernet became so prevalent that Ethernet ports began to appear on some PCs and near workstations. This process was greatly sped upward with the introduction of 10BASE-T and its relatively small-scale modular connector, at which indicate Ethernet ports appeared even on low-end motherboards.[ citation needed ]

Since and so, Ethernet engineering science has evolved to come across new bandwidth and market requirements.[22] In addition to computers, Ethernet is at present used to interconnect appliances and other personal devices.[four] As Industrial Ethernet information technology is used in industrial applications and is speedily replacing legacy data transmission systems in the world'due south telecommunication networks.[23] Past 2010, the market place for Ethernet equipment amounted to over $sixteen billion per yr.[24]

Standardization [edit]

An Intel 82574L Gigabit Ethernet NIC, PCI Express ×1 menu

In February 1980, the Constitute of Electric and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) started project 802 to standardize local area networks (LAN).[14] [25] The "DIX-group" with Gary Robinson (DEC), Phil Arst (Intel), and Bob Printis (Xerox) submitted the so-chosen "Blue Volume" CSMA/CD specification as a candidate for the LAN specification.[17] In addition to CSMA/CD, Token Ring (supported by IBM) and Token Coach (selected and henceforward supported past Full general Motors) were also considered as candidates for a LAN standard. Competing proposals and broad interest in the initiative led to strong disagreement over which engineering to standardize. In December 1980, the group was split into iii subgroups, and standardization proceeded separately for each proposal.[14]

Delays in the standards process put at risk the marketplace introduction of the Xerox Star workstation and 3Com's Ethernet LAN products. With such business organisation implications in mind, David Liddle (Full general Managing director, Xerox Part Systems) and Metcalfe (3Com) strongly supported a proposal of Fritz Röscheisen (Siemens Private Networks) for an brotherhood in the emerging part communication market place, including Siemens' support for the international standardization of Ethernet (April ten, 1981). Ingrid Fromm, Siemens' representative to IEEE 802, rapidly achieved broader back up for Ethernet beyond IEEE by the establishment of a competing Task Group "Local Networks" inside the European standards body ECMA TC24. In March 1982, ECMA TC24 with its corporate members reached an agreement on a standard for CSMA/CD based on the IEEE 802 typhoon.[20] : viii Because the DIX proposal was near technically consummate and because of the speedy activity taken past ECMA which decisively contributed to the conciliation of opinions inside IEEE, the IEEE 802.three CSMA/CD standard was approved in December 1982.[14] IEEE published the 802.3 standard equally a draft in 1983 and every bit a standard in 1985.[26]

Approval of Ethernet on the international level was achieved by a like, cross-partisan activity with Fromm as the liaison officer working to integrate with International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Technical Committee 83 and International System for Standardization (ISO) Technical Committee 97 Sub Commission 6. The ISO 8802-iii standard was published in 1989.[27]

Development [edit]

Ethernet has evolved to include higher bandwidth, improved medium admission control methods, and unlike physical media. The coaxial cable was replaced with signal-to-point links continued by Ethernet repeaters or switches.[29]

Ethernet stations communicate past sending each other data packets: blocks of data individually sent and delivered. Every bit with other IEEE 802 LANs, adapters come up programmed with globally unique 48-bit MAC address so that each Ethernet station has a unique address.[b] The MAC addresses are used to specify both the destination and the source of each data package. Ethernet establishes link-level connections, which tin can be defined using both the destination and source addresses. On reception of a manual, the receiver uses the destination address to determine whether the transmission is relevant to the station or should be ignored. A network interface normally does not accept packets addressed to other Ethernet stations.[c] [d]

An EtherType field in each frame is used past the operating system on the receiving station to select the appropriate protocol module (e.g., an Cyberspace Protocol version such equally IPv4). Ethernet frames are said to be self-identifying, considering of the EtherType field. Self-identifying frames make it possible to intermix multiple protocols on the aforementioned concrete network and allow a single computer to use multiple protocols together.[30] Despite the development of Ethernet technology, all generations of Ethernet (excluding early experimental versions) use the same frame formats.[31] Mixed-speed networks can be congenital using Ethernet switches and repeaters supporting the desired Ethernet variants.[32]

Due to the ubiquity of Ethernet, and the ever-decreasing cost of the hardware needed to support information technology, most manufacturers now build Ethernet interfaces directly into PC motherboards, eliminating the demand for a separate network bill of fare.[33]

Shared media [edit]

Older Ethernet equipment. Clockwise from top-left: An Ethernet transceiver with an in-line 10BASE2 adapter, a similar model transceiver with a 10BASE5 adapter, an AUI cable, a different mode of transceiver with 10BASE2 BNC T-connector, 2 10BASE5 stop fittings (N connectors), an orange "vampire tap" installation tool (which includes a specialized drill flake at ane end and a socket wrench at the other), and an early on model 10BASE5 transceiver (h4000) manufactured by DEC. The short length of yellow 10BASE5 cable has ane cease fitted with an N connector and the other stop prepared to have an N connector shell installed; the half-black, half-grayness rectangular object through which the cable passes is an installed vampire tap.

Ethernet was originally based on the idea of computers communicating over a shared coaxial cable acting every bit a broadcast transmission medium. The method used was similar to those used in radio systems,[e] with the common cable providing the advice channel likened to the Luminiferous aether in 19th-century physics, and it was from this reference that the name "Ethernet" was derived.[34]

Original Ethernet's shared coaxial cablevision (the shared medium) traversed a building or campus to every attached machine. A scheme known as carrier sense multiple access with standoff detection (CSMA/CD) governed the way the computers shared the channel. This scheme was simpler than competing Token Ring or Token Bus technologies.[f] Computers are continued to an Attachment Unit Interface (AUI) transceiver, which is in turn continued to the cable (with sparse Ethernet the transceiver is usually integrated into the network adapter). While a elementary passive wire is highly reliable for small networks, information technology is non reliable for big extended networks, where damage to the wire in a single identify, or a single bad connector, tin make the whole Ethernet segment unusable.[g]

Through the starting time half of the 1980s, Ethernet's 10BASE5 implementation used a coaxial cablevision 0.375 inches (nine.5 mm) in diameter, later chosen "thick Ethernet" or "thicknet". Its successor, 10BASE2, chosen "thin Ethernet" or "thinnet", used the RG-58 coaxial cable. The emphasis was on making installation of the cable easier and less costly.[35] : 57

Since all communication happens on the same wire, any information sent past one reckoner is received by all, even if that information is intended for just one destination.[h] The network interface card interrupts the CPU only when applicable packets are received: the card ignores information not addressed to it.[c] Utilize of a single cable also means that the data bandwidth is shared, such that, for example, available data bandwidth to each device is halved when two stations are simultaneously agile.[36]

A collision happens when two stations endeavor to transmit at the same time. They corrupt transmitted data and crave stations to re-transmit. The lost data and re-manual reduces throughput. In the worst instance, where multiple agile hosts connected with maximum allowed cablevision length attempt to transmit many short frames, excessive collisions can reduce throughput dramatically. However, a Xerox report in 1980 studied operation of an existing Ethernet installation under both normal and artificially generated heavy load. The report claimed that 98% throughput on the LAN was observed.[37] This is in contrast with token passing LANs (Token Ring, Token Bus), all of which suffer throughput degradation as each new node comes into the LAN, due to token waits. This report was controversial, as modeling showed that collision-based networks theoretically became unstable under loads every bit low as 37% of nominal capacity. Many early researchers failed to understand these results. Performance on real networks is significantly better.[38]

In a modern Ethernet, the stations do non all share one channel through a shared cable or a uncomplicated repeater hub; instead, each station communicates with a switch, which in turn forrad that traffic to the destination station. In this topology, collisions are only possible if station and switch attempt to communicate with each other at the same time, and collisions are limited to this link. Furthermore, the 10BASE-T standard introduced a full duplex mode of operation which became common with Fast Ethernet and the de facto standard with Gigabit Ethernet. In full duplex, switch and station can send and receive simultaneously, and therefore modernistic Ethernets are completely standoff-free.

  • Comparing between original Ethernet and modern Ethernet

  • The original Ethernet implementation: shared medium, collision-prone. All computers trying to communicate share the same cablevision, and so compete with each other.

  • Mod Ethernet implementation: switched connexion, standoff-free. Each computer communicates just with its own switch, without contest for the cable with others.

Repeaters and hubs [edit]

For indicate degradation and timing reasons, coaxial Ethernet segments have a restricted size.[39] Somewhat larger networks can be built past using an Ethernet repeater. Early repeaters had only 2 ports, allowing, at almost, a doubling of network size. Once repeaters with more than 2 ports became available, it was possible to wire the network in a star topology. Early experiments with star topologies (called "Fibernet") using optical fiber were published past 1978.[forty]

Shared cable Ethernet is always hard to install in offices because its bus topology is in conflict with the star topology cable plans designed into buildings for telephony. Modifying Ethernet to conform to twisted pair telephone wiring already installed in commercial buildings provided another opportunity to lower costs, expand the installed base, and leverage building design, and, thus, twisted-pair Ethernet was the next logical development in the mid-1980s.

Ethernet on unshielded twisted-pair cables (UTP) began with StarLAN at 1 Mbit/s in the mid-1980s. In 1987 SynOptics introduced the beginning twisted-pair Ethernet at x Mbit/south in a star-wired cabling topology with a central hub, afterward called LattisNet.[14] [34] : 29 [41] These evolved into 10BASE-T, which was designed for point-to-indicate links only, and all termination was congenital into the device. This inverse repeaters from a specialist device used at the middle of large networks to a device that every twisted pair-based network with more than ii machines had to use. The tree structure that resulted from this made Ethernet networks easier to maintain by preventing most faults with ane peer or its associated cable from affecting other devices on the network.[ citation needed ]

Despite the physical star topology and the presence of split up transmit and receive channels in the twisted pair and cobweb media, repeater-based Ethernet networks still use half-duplex and CSMA/CD, with only minimal activeness past the repeater, primarily generation of the jam point in dealing with packet collisions. Every packet is sent to every other port on the repeater, so bandwidth and security problems are non addressed. The total throughput of the repeater is limited to that of a single link, and all links must operate at the same speed.[34] : 278

Bridging and switching [edit]

While repeaters can isolate some aspects of Ethernet segments, such equally cable breakages, they yet forrard all traffic to all Ethernet devices. The unabridged network is one collision domain, and all hosts accept to exist able to detect collisions anywhere on the network. This limits the number of repeaters between the farthest nodes and creates practical limits on how many machines can communicate on an Ethernet network. Segments joined by repeaters have to all operate at the same speed, making phased-in upgrades impossible.[ citation needed ]

To convalesce these problems, bridging was created to communicate at the data link layer while isolating the physical layer. With bridging, merely well-formed Ethernet packets are forwarded from one Ethernet segment to another; collisions and packet errors are isolated. At initial startup, Ethernet bridges work somewhat like Ethernet repeaters, passing all traffic between segments. By observing the source addresses of incoming frames, the span so builds an address table associating addresses to segments. Once an address is learned, the bridge forwards network traffic destined for that address only to the associated segment, improving overall performance. Broadcast traffic is still forwarded to all network segments. Bridges also overcome the limits on full segments betwixt two hosts and let the mixing of speeds, both of which are critical to the incremental deployment of faster Ethernet variants.[ citation needed ]

In 1989, Motorola Codex introduced their 6310 EtherSpan, and Kalpana introduced their EtherSwitch; these were examples of the first commercial Ethernet switches.[i] Early on switches such as this used cut-through switching where but the header of the incoming packet is examined before it is either dropped or forwarded to another segment.[42] This reduces the forwarding latency. 1 drawback of this method is that it does not readily allow a mixture of unlike link speeds. Another is that packets that have been corrupted are withal propagated through the network. The eventual remedy for this was a return to the original store and forwards arroyo of bridging, where the packet is read into a buffer on the switch in its entirety, its frame check sequence verified and only then the parcel is forwarded.[42] In modern network equipment, this process is typically done using application-specific integrated circuits allowing packets to be forwarded at wire speed.[ citation needed ]

When a twisted pair or fiber link segment is used and neither end is continued to a repeater, full-duplex Ethernet becomes possible over that segment. In full-duplex way, both devices can transmit and receive to and from each other at the same time, and at that place is no collision domain.[43] This doubles the aggregate bandwidth of the link and is sometimes advertised as double the link speed (for example, 200 Mbit/southward for Fast Ethernet).[j] The elimination of the collision domain for these connections also ways that all the link's bandwidth tin can be used by the two devices on that segment and that segment length is non limited by the constraints of standoff detection.

Since packets are typically delivered only to the port they are intended for, traffic on a switched Ethernet is less public than on shared-medium Ethernet. Despite this, switched Ethernet should still be regarded as an insecure network engineering, because it is easy to subvert switched Ethernet systems past ways such as ARP spoofing and MAC flooding. [ citation needed ] [44]

The bandwidth advantages, the improved isolation of devices from each other, the power to easily mix different speeds of devices and the elimination of the chaining limits inherent in non-switched Ethernet have fabricated switched Ethernet the dominant network technology.[45]

Avant-garde networking [edit]

Simple switched Ethernet networks, while a great improvement over repeater-based Ethernet, suffer from unmarried points of failure, attacks that play a joke on switches or hosts into sending data to a car even if information technology is not intended for information technology, scalability and security issues with regard to switching loops, broadcast radiation, and multicast traffic.[ citation needed ]

Advanced networking features in switches utilize shortest path bridging (SPB) or the spanning-tree protocol (STP) to maintain a loop-free, meshed network, allowing physical loops for redundancy (STP) or load-balancing (SPB). Shortest path bridging includes the use of the link-state routing protocol IS-IS to let larger networks with shortest path routes between devices.

Advanced networking features as well ensure port security, provide protection features such as MAC lockdown[46] and broadcast radiation filtering, use virtual LANs to continue different classes of users separate while using the same concrete infrastructure, employ multilayer switching to route between dissimilar classes, and use link aggregation to add bandwidth to overloaded links and to provide some redundancy.[ citation needed ]

In 2016, Ethernet replaced InfiniBand equally the most popular system interconnect of TOP500 supercomputers.[47]

Varieties [edit]

The Ethernet physical layer evolved over a considerable fourth dimension span and encompasses coaxial, twisted pair and fiber-optic physical media interfaces, with speeds from i Mbit/s to 400 Gbit/s.[48] The starting time introduction of twisted-pair CSMA/CD was StarLAN, standardized as 802.3 1BASE5.[49] While 1BASE5 had piddling market penetration, it defined the concrete apparatus (wire, plug/jack, pin-out, and wiring plan) that would be carried over to 10BASE-T through 10GBASE-T.

The most common forms used are 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, and 1000BASE-T. All iii use twisted-pair cables and 8P8C modular connectors. They run at ten Mbit/s, 100 Mbit/s, and 1 Gbit/s, respectively.[fifty] [51] [52]

Fiber optic variants of Ethernet (that commonly use SFP modules) are also very popular in larger networks, offering high performance, better electrical isolation and longer altitude (tens of kilometers with some versions). In full general, network protocol stack software will work similarly on all varieties.[53]

Frame construction [edit]

A close-upwardly of the SMSC LAN91C110 (SMSC 91x) scrap, an embedded Ethernet chip

In IEEE 802.3, a datagram is called a packet or frame. Packet is used to describe the overall transmission unit and includes the preamble, start frame delimiter (SFD) and carrier extension (if present).[k] The frame begins subsequently the get-go frame delimiter with a frame header featuring source and destination MAC addresses and the EtherType field giving either the protocol type for the payload protocol or the length of the payload. The middle section of the frame consists of payload information including any headers for other protocols (for example, Cyberspace Protocol) carried in the frame. The frame ends with a 32-bit circadian redundancy check, which is used to detect corruption of data in transit.[54] : sections 3.1.i and 3.2 Notably, Ethernet packets take no time-to-alive field, leading to possible problems in the presence of a switching loop.

Autonegotiation [edit]

Autonegotiation is the procedure past which two connected devices choose common transmission parameters, east.g. speed and duplex mode. Autonegotiation was initially an optional feature, start introduced with 100BASE-TX, while it is also backward compatible with 10BASE-T. Autonegotiation is mandatory for 1000BASE-T and faster.

Fault weather [edit]

Switching loop [edit]

A switching loop or bridge loop occurs in computer networks when there is more than i Layer 2 (OSI model) path between two endpoints (e.g. multiple connections between ii network switches or ii ports on the same switch connected to each other). The loop creates broadcast storms as broadcasts and multicasts are forwarded past switches out every port, the switch or switches volition repeatedly rebroadcast the broadcast letters flooding the network. Since the Layer two header does not support a time to live (TTL) value, if a frame is sent into a looped topology, it can loop forever.[55]

A physical topology that contains switching or bridge loops is attractive for back-up reasons, nonetheless a switched network must not have loops. The solution is to permit physical loops, just create a loop-costless logical topology using the shortest path bridging (SPB) protocol or the older spanning tree protocols (STP) on the network switches.[ citation needed ]

Jabber [edit]

A node that is sending longer than the maximum transmission window for an Ethernet parcel is considered to be jabbering. Depending on the physical topology, jabber detection and remedy differ somewhat.

  • An MAU is required to detect and terminate abnormally long transmission from the DTE (longer than 20–150 ms) in order to forestall permanent network disruption.[56]
  • On an electrically shared medium (10BASE5, 10BASE2, 1BASE5), jabber tin can just be detected past each cease node, stopping reception. No farther remedy is possible.[57]
  • A repeater/repeater hub uses a jabber timer that ends retransmission to the other ports when it expires. The timer runs for 25,000 to 50,000 bit times for one Mbit/due south,[58] forty,000 to 75,000 scrap times for 10 and 100 Mbit/s,[59] [60] and 80,000 to 150,000 bit times for one Gbit/s.[61] Jabbering ports are partitioned off the network until a carrier is no longer detected.[62]
  • Cease nodes utilizing a MAC layer will commonly detect an oversized Ethernet frame and cease receiving. A bridge/switch will not forward the frame.[63]
  • A non-compatible frame size configuration in the network using colossal frames may exist detected as jabber by end nodes.[ commendation needed ]
  • A packet detected equally jabber by an upstream repeater and later cutting off has an invalid frame cheque sequence and is dropped.[ citation needed ]

Runt frames [edit]

  • Runts are packets or frames smaller than the minimum allowed size. They are dropped and not propagated.[64]

Meet too [edit]

  • 5-4-three rule
  • Chaosnet
  • Ethernet crossover cable
  • Fiber media converter
  • ISO/IEC 11801
  • Link Layer Discovery Protocol
  • Listing of device scrap rates
  • LocalTalk
  • PHY
  • Point-to-indicate protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE)
  • Sneakernet
  • Wake-on-LAN (WoL)

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ The experimental Ethernet described in the 1976 paper ran at ii.94 Mbit/due south and has viii-bit destination and source address fields, so the original Ethernet addresses are not the MAC addresses they are today.[eleven] By software convention, the 16 bits after the destination and source accost fields specify a "packet type", merely, every bit the paper says, "dissimilar protocols use disjoint sets of bundle types". Thus the original packet types could vary within each dissimilar protocol. This is in contrast to the EtherType in the IEEE Ethernet standard, which specifies the protocol being used.
  2. ^ In some cases, the manufacturing plant-assigned address tin can be overridden, either to avoid an address change when an adapter is replaced or to utilise locally administered addresses.
  3. ^ a b Unless it is put into promiscuous mode.
  4. ^ Of class bridges and switches will accept other addresses for forwarding the packet.
  5. ^ There are cardinal differences between wireless and wired shared-medium communication, such as the fact that it is much easier to detect collisions in a wired system than a wireless arrangement.
  6. ^ In a CSMA/CD system packets must be big enough to guarantee that the leading edge of the propagating wave of a message gets to all parts of the medium and back again before the transmitter stops transmitting, guaranteeing that collisions (two or more packets initiated inside a window of time that forced them to overlap) are discovered. Equally a event, the minimum packet size and the concrete medium'southward total length are closely linked.
  7. ^ Multipoint systems are also prone to strange failure modes when an electric discontinuity reflects the signal in such a mode that some nodes would work properly, while others work slowly because of excessive retries or not at all. See standing wave for an explanation. These could be much more difficult to diagnose than a consummate failure of the segment.
  8. ^ This "1 speaks, all mind" property is a security weakness of shared-medium Ethernet, since a node on an Ethernet network tin eavesdrop on all traffic on the wire if it so chooses.
  9. ^ The term switch was invented past device manufacturers and does not appear in the IEEE 802.iii standard.
  10. ^ This is misleading, as functioning will double only if traffic patterns are symmetrical.
  11. ^ The carrier extension is defined to assist collision detection on shared-media gigabit Ethernet.

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Further reading [edit]

  • Digital Equipment Corporation; Intel Corporation; Xerox Corporation (September 1980). "The Ethernet: A Local Expanse Network". ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review. eleven (3): 20. doi:10.1145/1015591.1015594. S2CID 31441899. Version one.0 of the DIX specification.
  • "Ethernet Technologies". Internetworking Applied science Handbook. Cisco Systems. Retrieved Apr 11, 2011.
  • Charles East. Spurgeon (2000). Ethernet: The Definitive Guide . O'Reilly Media. ISBN978-1565-9266-08.

External links [edit]

  • IEEE 802.iii Ethernet working group
  • IEEE 802.three-2015 – superseded
  • IEEE 802.3-2018 standard

wigginsprinel.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet

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